Chapter 28 Reading Questions Continued
The Female Reproductive System
A. Physiology of the Ovaries
B. Uterus and Uterine Tubes
C. Hormones and Menstrual Cycles
1. A pear with wings, that is what the female reproductive system resembles. It is a very complicated system when compared to the male, so complicated, in fact, a branch of medicine specializes in the female reproductive system.
2. If you have ever seen an almond, then you have an analogy for the size and shape of the ovaries. They lie within the upper pelvic cavity and are anchored to the uterus and pelvic wall by three ligaments called:
1. _______________________________________________________
2.
_______________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________
3. If a pin were to penetrate the ovary from superficial to deep, the layers of the ovary that it would pass through are:
1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________
4. medulla
Put an X next to the layer that contains the ovarian
follicles.
4. Draw oogenesis in the space below.
oogonium
primary oocyte
fertilization
secondary oocyte and polar body
ovum and polar body
5. Answer the following questions from your readings on pages 927.
A. When do oogonia form in the female?________________________________
B. When do primary oocytes develop?
_________________________________
C. Primary oocytes complete meiosis to the point of
_______________________
D. Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of epithelial
(follicular) cells
and is called
a _________________________________________________.
E. When do the primary
oocytes resume meiosis? ________________________
Oogenesis starts but remains incomplete until female
reaches puberty. Yes! you are born with all your primary oocytes!
6. Under the microscope, draw the mature ovary and label with the following:
germinal epithelium
tunica albuginea
primary follicle
secondary follicle
Graafian follicle
thecal cells
granulosa cells
oocyte
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
Over the reproductive years of a female approximately 450
primary follicles containing primary oocytes go through proliferation and
maturation and develop into an ovum.
Describe
the monthly process of follicular maturation and ovum formation in the female.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. "Everything your ever wanted to know about the fallopian tubes." The ovaries lie in the superior portion of the pelvic cavity close to but not in direct contact with the remaining female reproductive structures. The fallopian or uterine tubes are outstretched arms that receive the ovum when it is released from the ovary. To understand the structure of the uterine tubes, describe the functions of the fimbriae, and mucosa and muscularis linings.
fimbriae
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
mucosa
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
muscularis
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
As your read the concluding paragraph on the uterine tubes, answer the following questions.
A. Where does fertilization occur? ___________________________________
B. When does fertilization occur? ____________________________________
C. What happens to the secondary oocyte after fertilization?
__________________________________________________________
D. What is a zygote?
_____________________________________________
E. What happens to the secondary oocyte without fertilization?
___________________________________________________________
8. Observe the gross structure of the uterus in a sagittal section and answer the following questions.
A. The superior dome of the uterus is called the ___________________
B. The major portion of the uterus is called the
____________________
C. The inferior extension of the uterus extending into the vagina
is called the
_____________________________________________________
D. The internal cavity of the cervix is called the
____________________
E. The uterine opening into the vagina is called the __________________.
F. Name the structure that is anterior and inferior to the uterus.
__________________________________________________________
9. Identify the four ligaments that hold the uterus in place.
| ligament | position |
These hold the uterus in anteflexion.
10. The histology of the uterus is seen in three layers. Match these layers and the sub-layers in column A with their description in column B.
| A | B |
| perimetrium | layer that is rebuilt with each menstrual cycle |
| myometrium | layer of smooth muscle that forms the bulk of the uterus |
| endometrium | vascular layer outlining the uterine cavity |
| stratum basalis | layer of visceral peritoneum |
| stratum functionalis | is responsible for the monthly regeneration of the functional layer |
11. Let's finish the anatomy of the female . Describe the structure and function of the vagina.
This organ lies between the rectum and urinary bladder, the epithelial tissue lining is of the ______________________ type, while the underlying connective tissue is thrown into folds called _______________. Keep in mind the vagina is also the birth canal. Why does the vagina have a low pH?____________________________________________________
12. Describe the structures and functions of the four parts of the external genitalia (vulva).
Structure Function
1. __________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________
2. __________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________
3. __________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________
4. __________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________
13. You have been introduced to the ovaries and the complex
pattern of follicular development: primary follicles ----> secondary
follicles ----> Graafian
follicle ----> corpus luteum
----> corpus albicans. This is
called the ovarian cycle. You now realize that there is a monthly build up and breakdown of the
endometrial lining of the uterus. This
is called the menstrual cycle.
Regulating all of this are hormones.
It is time to describe the hormones controlling the female reproductive
system
A. First, list the hormones secreted by the following endocrine glands:
hypothalamus secretes ________________________________
pituitary gland
secretes
________________________________
________________________________
ovarian follicles secrete ________________________________
corpus luteum secretes ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
B. Next, identify the functions of each hormone.
GnRH ______________________________
FSH _________________________
LH __________________________
_________________________
__________________________
Focus Question:
Summarize the major events of each phase of the menstrual cycle as related
to the: 1. uterus
2. ovarian follicles
3. hormones
Female Reproductive System Postest
1. List, in order of development, the follicles that appear
each month in the ovary.
1. _____________________________________
2.
_____________________________________
3.
_____________________________________
4.
_____________________________________
5.
_____________________________________
2. Name the structure that consists of discarded chromosomes derived from meiotic divisions during oogenesis. _____________________________________
3. Identify the role of the fimbriae.
__________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Fertilization occurs within the ____________________________________________
5. The inferior extension of the uterus that protrudes into
the vagina is called the ________________________________________________.
6. The opening of the cervix into the vagina is identified as the ______________________.
7. The ligament essential to holding the position of the uterus that contains smooth muscle, blood vessels and nerves is the _________________________
8. Each month the stratum basalis layer of the endometrium is responsible for rebuilding the ___________________________________________________.
9. List two functions of the follicle stimulating hormone.
1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
10. Identify the primary hormone responsible for ovulation. ______________
11. List three reasons why menstruation occurs.
1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________