Chapter 25 Reading Questions Continued
Metabolism

Part 3: Glucose Anabolism
    A. The absorptive state: glycogenesis
    B. the postabsorptive state: glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
    C. Role of insulin

11. Glucose catabolism has priority over all other body reactions. However,
after a meal when the blood stream is flooded with glucose, some of these
molecules are stored for later use.

Describe the anabolic process of glycogenesis _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Will adipose tissue also store excess glucose as fat? ______________________________

12. Explain the fate of glucose in the postabsorptive state. Four hours after a meal, the blood
glucose levels are low and glucose stores must be used. The main concern of the body is to
maintain blood glucose levels at 70 to 110 mg per 100 ml of blood.
Describe how the process of glycogenolysis maintains blood glucose levels.   ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

Another way to maintain blood glucose levels in the postabsorptive state involves gluconeogenesis.
Describe this process.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

13. Explain the role of insulin in glucose metabolism. The hormone insulin has control over the
processes just described.

blood sugar levels_______________________________________________________
body cells_____________________________________________________________
glycogen_______________________________________________________________
adipose tissue__________________________________________________________
proteins______________________________________________________________
glycogenesis and glycogenolysis____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

14. Do you recall the pancreatic cells that produce insulin? _________________________
Do you recall the pancreatic cells that produce glucagon? _________________________
Both hormones are controlled by the levels of glucose in the blood.

15. Describe the roles that glucagon plays in maintaining blood glucose levels. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
If glucagon levels remain high, then _________________________ may result.

James Dickey is what might be called an athletic poet. In addition to writing the novel
Deliverance, he authored the following poem, "Diabetes."

I
Sugar
One night I thirsted like a prince
Then like a king
Then like an empire     like a world
on fire. . .
Months of having a tongue
Of flame convinced me: I had better not go
On this way. The doctor was young

And nice. He said, I must tell you,
My friend, that it is needles moderation
And exercise. You don't want to look forward
To gangrene and kidney
Failure boils blindness infection skin trouble falling
Teeth coma and death.
O.K.

16. The major disease associated with carbohydrate metabolism is diabetes mellitus.

A. Describe the signs one manifests with this disease.

Signs	Description
glycosuria	glucose in the urine
weight loss	due to calories lost in urine

If left untreated, all metabolic activities are altered. There is depression of the
central nervous system, decrease in blood pressure, coma, and death.

B. Type I diabetes is caused by ________________________________
(Biotechnology has genetically engineered human insulin for these patients.)

C. Describe the effects on the body when diabetics utilize fats for their energy source.

1._________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________
4._________________________________________________________
5._________________________________________________________
( James Dickey wrote an accurate poem didn't he?)

D. It appears at this time that IDDM is an autoimmune disease.

E. Type II diabetes is a milder form and occurs frequently later on in life in obese patients. If there is plenty of insulin present, the defect is in the __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

F. List two possible treatments for Type II diabetes.
        1._____________________________________________
        2._____________________________________________

Part 4: Lipid Metabolism
    A. Components of lipoproteins
    B. Classes of lipoproteins: triglycerides, cholesterols, phospholipids
    C. Lipid catabolism

17. Describe the pathway of absorption of lipids from the lumen of small intestine to the liver.

1._________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________ 3._________________________________________________________ 4._________________________________________________________
5._________________________________________________________

18. List the functions of the lipids, fatty acids and glycerol, in carbohydrate metabolism..

1.______________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________

19. Describe the fate of chylomicrons following a meal. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

20. There are three classes of lipids of importance in this section: triglycerides,
which you have seen in the digestive system; cholesterol; and phospholipids. 
Compare the properties and functions of cholesterol and phospholipids.

                                                 Cholesterol                             

                                                Phospholipids

21.Where are lipoproteins sythesized? __________________________________

A. List the contents of lipoproteins.
        1.______________________________
        2.______________________________
        3.______________________________

B. List the four classes of lipoproteins.
        1.______________________________
        2.______________________________
        3.______________________________
        4.______________________________

C. Describe the functions of Very Low Density Lipoproteins.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

D. Describe the functions of Low Density Lipoproteins. _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
How much of the total serum cholesterol is contained in the LDLs?___

E. Describe the relationship between LDLs and atherosclerosis.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

F. Discuss the role of High Density Lipoproteins.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Note: chylomicrons, VLDLs, and LDLs are determined by dietary intake,
while the amount of HDLs is genetically determined.

Focus Question
Explain the transportation of cholesterol by lipoproteins
and the risk factors they impose on the cardiovascular system.

22. List the areas in the body where energy is stored as adipose tissue.

1.________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________
4.________________________________________________
This fat represents your ____________________ energy.Your
body's ability to store fat is limitless. During the absorptive state
any excess carbohydrate, protein, or lipid can become adipose
tissue in a process called lipogenesis.

23. Now let's look at fat catabolism, that is how fats are utilized in the
reactions from glycolysis through the electron transport chain.

A. Describe the process of beta oxidation of fatty acids.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

B. List the three ketone bodies formed in ketogenesis.
    1.______________________________________________
    2. _____________________________________________
    3.______________________________________________

C. When the number of ketone bodies rises above normal in the
blood stream, it is indicative of excessive catabolism of fats.
List the conditions that cause ketosis.
    1.______________________________________________
    2. _____________________________________________
    3._____________________________________________
    4._____________________________________________

Part 5: Protein metabolism
    A. Protein anabolism
    B. Amino acids as an energy source

24.. The meats, fish, nuts, eggs, and beans that you eat are broken down into
amino acids. Describe the fate of amino acids immediately after absorption.   __________________________________________________________

25. Name three hormones that enhance the active transport of amino acids into cells.
        1. _______________________________
        2. _______________________________
        3. _______________________________

26. List six functions of proteins produced in anabolism in the body.

1._______________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________
4._______________________________________________________
5._______________________________________________________
6._______________________________________________________

27. Describe how amino acids are used in the production of ATP.
Each day a small number of amino acids are catabolized and used
for energy. Amino acids can be converted into the acids of the
______________________________.
The process of removing the amino group from amino acids is called ____________________________
The liver cells take the amino group, NH2, convert this to
__________________________.

28. Discuss the meaning of essential amino acid.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________