Chapter 23 Objectives Continued

1. Be able to describe the following lung volumes TV, ERV, IRV, VC, RV, and ADA.

2. Describe the relationships between pulmonary function tests and obstructive and restrictive diseases.

3. Be able to calculate the partial pressures of the respiratory gases.

4. Describe the loading and unloading of oxygen on the red blood cell.

5. Describe in an essay the factors in loading and unloading that can be demonstrated on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

6. Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

7. Explain in detail the relationship between the red blood cell and bicarbonate ions in the transport of carbon dioxide.

8. List the areas of the brain that control respirations.

9. Describe the roles of the aortic and carotid bodies in respirations.

10. Explain the reasoning behind the changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen levels, pH, and bicarbonate ions in respiratory acidosis.

11.  Identify the factors involved in respiratory alkalosis.

Take a Quiz

1. The volume of air that moves through the respiratory system during normal, quiet breathing is
     referred to as:
        a. tidal volume
        b. residual volume
        c. anatomical dead air space
        d. forced vital capacity

2. An abnormal Forced Expiratory Volume Timed would be found in:
        a. restrictive diseases
        b. obstructive diseases
        c. COPD
        d. two of the above

3. If atmospheric pressure exerts a pressure of  760 mmHg and there is 10% oxygen in this gas
    mixture, then the partial pressure that oxygen exerts is:
        a. 7.6 mmHg
        b. 76 mmHg
        c. 35.5 mmHg
        d. 756 mmHg

4. Identify the factor that contributes to the unloading of oxygen from the hemoglobin molecule into
    the tissues.
        a. high levels of carbon dioxide in the tissues
        b. high levels of glucose in the blood
        c. the high pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissues
        d. the high pressure of nitrogen

5. Indicate from the following, the ideal partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
        a. 10 mmHg
        b. 100 mmHg
        c.  40 mmHg
        d. 400 mmHg

6.  A shift to the right in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve indicates:
        a. there is an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues
        b. the carbon dioxide levels in the tissues are low
        c. less oxygen is unloaded in the tissues
        d. there is an increase in the pH in cells

7. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported:
        a. on the hemoglobin molecule
        b. by dissolving in blood plasma
        c. carbonic acid
        d. as the bicarbonate ion, HCO₃^-

8. If there is an increase in the levels of CO₂  in the blood leaving the heart, the response would be
        a. respirations would decrease
        b. chemoreceptors in the aortic body and carotid sinus would stimulate inspirations
        c. the pneumotaxic center in the pons would be activated
        d. the lungs would completely empty air

9. Identify the condition that causes respiratory acidosis.
        a. hyperventilation
        b. a rise in the blood pH due to loss of CO₂
        c. an increase in PaO₂ (arterial oxygen)
        d. an increase in PaCO₂ (arterial carbon dioxide)

10. Respiratory alkalosis can result from:
        a. anxiety taking A & P tests
        b. climbing mountains
        c. fever
        d. injury to the respiratory centers
        e. all of the above