Chapter 23 Reading
Questions Continued
The Respiratory System
Part 4: Spirometry and Gas Pressures
A. Spirometry measurements
B. Obstructive disorders
C. Partial pressures
26. Define the following lung volumes measured in spirometry.
Tidal volume ______________________________________________ ml
Expiratory Reserve Volume __________________________________ ml
Inspiratory Reserve Volume __________________________________ ml
Inspiratory Capacity ________________________________________ ml
Vital Capacity ____________________________________________ ml
Residual Volume __________________________________________ ml
Check your own Respiratory Rate by counting the number of inspirations per minute. Record.______________________________.
Assuming you have a normal tidal volume, calculate your Minute Volume.
TV X Respirations Record._________________
Identify the term used to describe air in the respiratory passageways that does not reach the alveoli. _______________________________________________________________
27. You have just calculated Perky Petunia's Pulmonary Ventilations at 4,200 mls per
minute.
Write an equation to show how you arrived at this figure if her tidal volume is 500 mls
and
her respiratory rate was 12. THINK!
______________________________________________________________________
28. Explain the importance of the pulmonary function tests: FVC and FEV1. How fast can
a gas be moved in a tube? A pulmonary function test measures this. Define in your own
words the meaning of Forced Vital Capacity.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
This is associated with Restrictive Lung Diseases when there is a loss of lung volume due to inflammation, fibrosis, or neuromuscular disorders.
29. Another pulmonary function test is called the FEV1. Explain how this test will be
administered in the laboratory.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
30. The elastic recoil of the lungs is measured in this test. List three diseases
associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
1._________________________________________
2._________________________________________
3._________________________________________
Focus Question
Describe the symptoms of emphysema and how they alter all pulmonary tests that can be
shown on a spirogram.
31. Explain in your own words the meaning of partial pressure (p) of a gas or Dalton's
law. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
32. The air we breathe, in Bedford, exerts a pressure of 760 mmHg.
78% of this is due to _________,
21% is due to ___________,
and the CO2 from automobile and lung emissions accounts for ____________%.
33. Apply the concept of the DIFFUSION of gases into liquids by explaining the
"aura's of the deep" (nitrogen narcosis) that scuba divers experience.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
(Note: At 100 feet the sense of well-being and beauty overwhelms one's rational
ability, hence, the need for the buddy system.)
34. You have reached Gilman's Peak on Mount Kilimanjaro. List your symptoms of altitude sickness.
1.____________________________________
2.____________________________________
3.____________________________________
4.____________________________________
The reason for these symptoms is _______________________________________________
35. Erudite Erin, an astute physiology student, determines the arterial blood gases
of a patient to be pO2 = 56 and pCO2 = 48. Is this patient an healthy adult?____
Explain the reasoning you used to arrive at your answer.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Congratulations! You have now mastered the explanation of gas exchange in the body.
Part 5: Factors Affecting the Movement of Gases
A. Transport of oxygen
B. Transport of carbon dioxide
C. Nervous system control
D. Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis
36. Solving an oxygen dilemma!
a. One liter of plasma (90% water) is capable of holding 3 mls of oxygen.
b. One liter of blood (with cells) is cabable of holding 200 mls of oxygen.
c. Can you determine what is responsible for this oxygen holding?
______________________________________________________
d. Complete the reaction. Hb + O2 = _________________________
e. You know the pO2 in the alveoli should be 105 mmHg. At this pressure,
the hemoglobin molecule is said to be (almost fully saturated, or partially saturated.)
________________________________________________________
f. If the pO2 is 40 mmHg, then the hemoglobin molecule is (almost fully saturated, or
partially saturated.) ________________________________________________________
37. Draw a graph showing the relationship between hemoglobin and oxygen. the % saturation of hemoglobin should be on the vertical axis and the partial pressure of oxygen in mmHg on the horizontal axis. Use increments of 10 from 0 to 100 for both axes, and the following data:
% Hb pO2 mmHgHb
15 10
S
50 30
A
75 40
T
80 50
U
90 70
R
97 105
A
T
I
O
N
________________________________________________________
pO2 mmHg
38. Explain the factors reflected in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve.
Describe the significance of the curve obtained in your graph.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
39. Describe the three factors that influence hemoglobin-oxygen unloading in the tissues. You now have an understanding of oxyhemoglobin transport in the blood. Physiology is never simple and we must consider four factors that can influence this curve.
I. The first factor involves pH.
Explain the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on oxygen saturation.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
a. Note the blood vessels bulging from the skin of your wrist.
Name the gas responsible for the color you see. ___________
b. Draw the reaction for the combination of this gas and water.
_______________________________________________________
c. If the pCO2 is high, then the blood pH is ______________________
II. The second factor is temperature.
Describe what happens to oxyhemoblobin as it passes by metabolically active cells.
______________________________________________________
III. The third factor is BPG (2,3 biphosphoglycerate.)
a. By what process do red blood cells form BPG?
______________________________________________________
b. Explain how BPG affects oxyhemoglobin.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
40 . When I was in college, there was an improvisatorial theatre in Greenwich Village.
The players acted out themes suggested by the audience. I blew their minds with the word
hypoxia. They could not act it out. Can you?
Give some suggestions.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Focus Question
Describe the concepts of oxygen loading and unloading in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation
curve.question on this subject.
41. Explain how carbon dioxide is carried in the blood. As we address the transport of carbon dioxide, THINK ACID,!THINK HYDROGEN IONS! THINK RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS/ALKALOSIS! If you smoke this gas sits in holes in your lungs created by disintegrating alveoli.
Every liter of blood contains 40 mls of carbon dioxide.
7% is carried in __________________________________________
23% is carried as _________________________________________
70% is carried as _________________________________________
The body is steadfast in maintaining homeostasis, imagine taking an acid component and
forming a base buffer, awesome. How does the blood accomplish this. Draw an arrow to show
the movement of carbon dioxide, chloride, and the bicarbonate ion
blood plasma
red blood cell
carbon dioxide
+ water = carbonic acid
H+
HCO3-
sodium
potassium
chloride
42. Explain this series of reactions involving the transportation of carbon dioxide in
your own words.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Reverse this series of reactions when the red blood cells reach the lungs.
43. Explain the role of the nervous system in controlling respirations. It is time to put together an information map. Some material in Anatomy and Physiology lends itself to this method of incorporating and integrating data. We will use the respiratory control centers of the brain as well as the chemoreceptors to complete the map.
| CENTER | LOCATION | FUNCTION |
| Respiratory Center | ||
| Pneumotaxic Center | ||
| Apneustic Center | ||
| Carotid Body | ||
| Aortic Body |
44. Identify the buffer pair in maintaining Acid/Base balance.
_________________________ and _____________________________
45. List four signs of respiratory acidosis and the reasons why they occur.
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
46. List four signs of respiratory alkalosis and the reasons why they occur.
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________