Chapter 19 Reading Questions Continued

Chapter 19 Reading Questions Continued
The Blood

Now to examine the lymphocytes in greater detail, we will leave Chapter 19 and look at Specific Immunity on pages 751-765 in Chapter 22.

Part 3: Specific Immunity
    A. Role of lymphocytes in immunity
    B. Monoclonal antibodies
    C. Anaphylaxis

18. Define in your own words the term, Antigen. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

19. Your definition seems to indicate that antigens are good. List some examples of antigens.

Do you have         ______________________          ______________________
an allergy
to pollen?              ______________________          ______________________
to certain
foods?                  ______________________          ______________________

______________________ ______________________

20. Describe the structure of an antibody. Draw an antibody and label with the following items.

heavy chain
light chain
constant region
variable region
antigen binding site

When does the variable portion of an antibody change its clothes?
__________________________________________________________

When does the constant portion of an antibody change its clothes?
__________________________________________________________

21. Identify the five classes of antibodies and their functions. Antibodies are proteins, globulins, produced by the body in response to an antigen. There are five classes of antibodies, immunoglobulins (Ig), can you list the functions of each?

IgG __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

IgA _________________________________________________________

IgM _________________________________________________________

IgD __________________________________________________________

IgE __________________________________________________________

I am so happy to have G's, A's, M's, D's, and E's! Are you?

22. To continue you must understand the following terms, please give a brief definition of each.

T Cells
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

major histocompatibility complex
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

T Cell subpopulations

1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________

B cells
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

B Cell subpopulations

1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
(If there were another semester to this course, we could explain how Biotechnology uses these principles.)

23. The following is an excerpt from Lewis Carroll's poem, "Jabberwocky":

Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did qyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!

You can contrast the Jabberwock to an antigen.
(The body defends itself against Jabberwocks with specialized
populations of lymphocytes called T-cells and B-cells.)

A. Diagram the role of the T cell in cellular immunity. Visually interpret
the functions of T-lymphocytes in cellular immunity.

inactive T cell with receptors
enter the antigen

1. recognition
2. costimulation

HELPER T

CYTOTOXIC T

MEMORY T

SUPPRESSOR T

B. Diagram the role of the B cell in humoral immunity. Visually interpret
the roles of B-lymphocytes in antibody-mediated immunity.

inactive B cell

1. antigen binds to B cell
2. costimulation

PLASMA CELL

MEMORY CELL

Congratulations! You are a star, you are a master of this material, not a Mad Hatter.

24. Recipe for making a monoclonal antibody.

First, you need to catch a mouse,
and inject it with an antigen. When
the mouse is making a good supply
of antibodies, the spleen is removed.
Mouse B cells are fused with tumor
(myeloma) cells and grown in
medium. Theses cells are now called
hybridoma cells and are tested
for the antibody. If positive, the
cultures are cloned and can be grown indefinitely.

Describe three clinical uses of monoclonal antibodies.

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

25. Bitsy Beeza can easily go into anaphylactic shock, a violent reaction upon reexposure to an allergen.
First, her own ________ antibodies interact with her basophils and mast cells making them ________________________ to the antigen.
At a later exposure to the antigen, this binding causes the release of _______________, __________________________, and _________________.
These chemicals cause:

a. an increase in capillary permeability which lowers her ___________________________,
b. an increase in contractions of smooth muscle in the lungs which causes ______________________________________,
c. an increase in mucous secretions which causes _________________.
In these reactions the common allergens are _____________________, _____________________, or ______________________.

26. This is an example of a notetaking technique to learn about HIV. Questions to notes appear in the left hand margin.

Describe the HIV structure	1. a virus is DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
and its pathogenicity.	2. copies itself inside the cell
	3. damages or kills the host cell
	4. can remain dormant or take over the cell's genetic machinery
	5. binds onto CD4 receptors on the surfaces of helper T cells
	6. this inhibits AB production
	7. reduces effects of killer T's as they cannot destroy infected cells
	8. infects macrophages and reduces their activity
	9. results in the collapse of the immune system

List the types of disinfections	1. washing ( Jay Leno WATCH OUT!)
that can be used to destroy	2. hydrogren peroxide
HIV outside the body.	3. alcohol with lysol
	4. 10% household bleach solution
	5. chlorination

Explain how HIV is	1. HIV is found in blood, semen, and vaginal secretions
transmitted and the	2. macrophages are reservoirs for HIV in these tissues
that should precautions	3. sexual transmission avoided by condoms and spermacides
be taken.	4. monoclonal antibody testing of donated blood
	5. intravenous drug users, use of clean needles and syringes

Focus Question
Describe the roles of T cells and B cells in maintaining your health

Part 3: Blood Clotting
    A. Platelet plug
    B. Mechanism of blood clotting

27. List the role of platelets in preventing blood loss.

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

28. Define the major components of the clotting mechanism. Fortunately the liquid plasma can become the solid blood clot when there is tissue trauma or a ruptured blood vessel. The clotting reactions can take two roads which converge ( a right-side up Y). This is a cascading series of four stages in which the product of one reaction activates the next reaction. Before you diagram the clotting stages, it is necessary to define the following terms.

extrinsic pathway ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

intrinsic pathway ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

fibrinogen ____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

prothrombin __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

thromboplastin (TF)____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Factor VIII _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

plasminogen __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

calcium _____________________________________________________

29. Outline the major steps in the intrinsic, extrinsic and common pathways of blood coagulation. Summarize the major steps in blood clotting in the following diagram by filling in the factors involved.

Stage 1

extrinsic pathway	intrinsic pathway
tissue damage	endothelial damage
______	________
______	________
	________
	________
	________

______ + V and Ca⁺⁺ ---------> ______________________

Stage 2

______________ ---------------> _______________

Stage 3

______________ ---------------> _______________

Stage 4

______________ ---------------> _______________

30. Contrast the action of heparin and coumadin as anticoagulants.

heparin	coumadin

Anytime an endothelial surface is roughened such as in surgery, trauma or infection, or when plaque develops, a spontaneous clot called a ____________ can form. If this clot is dislodged and runs away through the blood stream, it is known as an ___________________________.

Would you like to know more about run away clots, particularly one that shoots to the lungs and is called a Pulmonary Embolism.

Causes: damage to the tunica intima during any type of pelvic surgery, (C-section, or prostate.)

Signs:

vague, unexplained restlessness, this may be the only symptom in a patient with an illness which often leads to P.E. such as a fractured hip, rheumatic heart, or pelvic surgery
fever
sharp localized pain in one part of the chest
painful respirations
coughing: blood-tinged sputum.if hip or pelvis is involved, then leg is swollen with phlebitis
shortness of breath
tachycardia
arrythmia
swollen, aching leg; if hip or pelvis is involved, then leg is swollen with phlebitis
pulse changes to rapid and irregular
decrease in blood pressure

Treatment: heparin by IV, then oral coumadin; incision into inferior vena cava to insert an umbrella into lower abdomen.

Focus Question
Compare the extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways.

Part 4: Blood Groups

31. List the agglutinogens (antigens) and agglutinins (antibodies) found in each blood type. We end this chapter with exercises on the four blood groups. The red blood cell membrane surface contains genetically determined glycoproteins that act as antigens for the ABO blood type. Blood plasma contains IgM antibodies against the blood type antigens that one does not synthesize. List the antigen and antibodies found in each blood type.

	Agglutinogen	Agglutinin
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O

Name a synonym for agglutination ___________________________

Explain what occurs in a transfusion reaction. Describe what would happen if a person with type A blood receives type B blood.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

32. Describe the Rh factor that is present in the blood plasma. There are other classes of antigens on RBC's, such as the Rh agglutinogens. If your erythrocytes contains Rh antigens, you are ___________.

If you lack Rh agglutinigens, then you are___________________.

33. Explain the conditions which cause the production of Rh antibodies.
Does either an Rh positive or an Rh negative person normally synthesize antibodies against the Rh antigen?____________

Can an Rh⁺ person make Rh antibodies?_____________________

State the reasons for your answer.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Can an RH- person make Rh antibodies?_______

Explain the conditions which cause Rh- individuals to make Rh antibodies.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

34. Describe, in you own words, how fetal-maternal incompatibility causes hemolytic disease of the newborn.
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________