1. Functions

• nutrient waste exchange
• maintains optimum pH
• clotting (hemostasis)
• immune response
• regulates body temperature

2. Blood contains:

• plasma
  - 92% water
  - 7% proteins made by the liver
      1. albumin is responsible for osmotic pressure
      2. gamma globulins are antibodies
      3. fibrinogen and prothrombin are used in clotting

- electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, and gases
- non-protein nitrogen waste products such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine

• cellular components

- red and white cells and platelets

3. Formation

• from stem cells in hemopoietic tissue
• myeloid tissue is red bone marrow
• lymphatic tissue is spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes
• erythropoietin, a kidney hormone, stimulates red cell production

4. Cellular components: Erythrocytes

• biconcave discs, no nucleus, 33% hemoglobin
• 5.4 million per cubic centimeter of blood
• hematocrit shows 42-47% erythrocytes in blood
• hemoglobin

- oxygen transport
- globin is four polypeptide chains
- heme is a pigment containing iron
- iron: metal ion that holds O ₂, 2/3 of  body Fe here
- recall Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
- contains enzyme carbonic anhydrase
- forms H⁺ and HCO₃^- from CO₂ and H₂O

hemoglobin online

• Life Cycle

-120 days in blood stream
- without a nucleus enzymes cannot be synthesized
- phagocytosis in liver, spleen, and bone marrow
- globin broken down into amino acids
- heme is converted to bilirubin and secreted in bile
- Fe⁺⁺⁺ is stored in liver attached to ferratin
- Fe⁺⁺⁺ is used for new hemoglobin synthesis
- production starts in red bone marrow from a proerythroblast
- enters peripheral blood as a reticulocyte
- destruction = production
- hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin release

• Anemias:

- Pernicious Anemia: Vitamin B12 intrinsic factor missing, RBC remains immature picture
- Hemorrhagic Anemia: chronic or acute blood loss
- Hemolytic anemia: immune system turns on RBC, or parasites, picture toxins,
   or transfusion reactions make subject to hemolysis
- Aplastic anemia: destruction of bone marrow due to toxins, radiation, and chemicals
- Sickle cell anemia: mutant gene produces abnormal Hb picture

• Polycythemia: increased RBC production, hematocrit and BP

5. Cellular components: Leucocytes

• 5 - 10,000 per cc
• white blood cell pictures
• granulocytes
• Neutrophils

- 60 -70% WBC
- have nuclei with lobes
- active phagocytes of bacteria
- secrete oxidants and antibiotic lysozyme and defensins

• Eosinophils

- 2 - 4% WBC
- orange cytoplasmic granules
- detoxify protein in allergic and parasitic reactions

• Basophils

- 1% WBC
- dark blue cytoplasmic granules
- MAST CELLS: release histamine and heparin

• agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes

- 20 - 25% WBC
- large nucleus in blue cytoplasm
- IMMUNITY - ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
- increase in leukemias and viral infections

• Monocytes

- 3 - 10% WBC
- largest WBC, kidney shaped nucleus
- become macrophages

6. Cellular Chips: Thrombocytes

• fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
• these can plug a broken blood vessel and promote clotting